Historical milestone · 2000
Levels of automation
Reviewed through September 18, 2026
2000 · Historical milestone
Levels of automation
- Era
- 2000s
- Theme
- Reliability, uncertainty & evaluation
- Evidence form
- Ten-level framework distinguished information acquisition, analysis, decision selection, and action implementation
- School / paradigm
- Human factors / function allocation
- Institution / context
- Catholic University / MIT / University of Illinois
- Researchers
- Raja Parasuraman; Thomas Sheridan; Christopher Wickens
Understand
Plain-language record, transferred from the reviewed source module.
Theory or experimental setup. Showed automation is multidimensional and should be allocated by function and consequence, not treated as on/off.
Result / historical claim. Static taxonomies do not fully capture adaptive autonomy, team learning, or organizational incentives.
Apply
Professional implication, only where the reviewed record states one.
The checked-in record does not state a separate professional application for this entry. The topic page places it in the wider research lineage: Reliability, uncertainty, and evaluation.
Verify
Evidence status, stated limitations, and the external sources this record actually carries.
Evidence form. Ten-level framework distinguished information acquisition, analysis, decision selection, and action implementation
Limitation / debate. Agent permissions, approval gates, adaptive autonomy, and risk-based human oversight.
Source status. The source link below is the verified link our reviewed topic research already carries for this milestone.
Reproduce
A reproduction tutorial is linked only when one exists for this exact record.
A reproduction tutorial is not yet available for this entry. The closest reviewed material is Reliability, uncertainty, and evaluation.
Cite or share
APA-like: This historical record carries a year only, and no author or publisher of record in the checked-in data. An APA reference would have to invent that metadata.
BibTeX: BibTeX requires an author and publication venue. Historical lineage entries store a narrative record and its source link, not structured authorship, so the field would be fabricated.